The following figures are differences between model and VEMAP observational data from 1961-1990.  The temperature units are in degree F.  Mean temperature is calculated as the mean of the minimum and maximum temperatures, so that the model data is consistent with the VEMAP data.  These calculations were done by first upscaling the VEMAP half degree data to the resolution of the respective GCMs, computing the differences, and then smoothing the differences to create the images below.  The topography biases at the bottom were computed the same way.